Malic acid

Malic acid is an organic compound with the molecular formula C₄H₆O₅. It is a dicarboxylic acid, which means it has two carboxyl groups (-COOH) in its structure. It is found naturally in many fruits, particularly apples, which is where it gets its name from ("malus" is Latin for apple). Malic acid contributes to the sour and tart taste of fruits and is an intermediate in the Krebs cycle, a sequence of reactions that produce energy and are essential for life.

Origin

Malic acid can be found naturally in a variety of fruits such as apples, grapes, cherries, and berries. It can also be synthesized artificially through chemical processes involving maleic anhydride or by fermentation methods. 

Characteristics

Malic acid is utilized in food and beverages for several reasons:

• Flavour Enhancement: Adds tartness and enhances fruit flavours.
• pH Control: Helps in adjusting the acidity of products.
• Preservation: Assists in extending shelf life by lowering pH, which inhibits microbial growth.
• Colour Stability: Helps maintain colour in certain foods and beverages.
• Texture Improvement: Used in baking and confectionery to enhance texture.

Uses in Ultra‑Processed Foods

Malic acid is frequently used in ultra‑processed foods due to its multifunctional properties:

• Beverages: It is added to soft drinks, fruit juices, and sports drinks to enhance their tart flavour and stabilize pH.
• Confectionery: Used in candies and gum for its sour taste, often combined with sweeteners to create a balance.
• Baked Goods: Helps in dough conditioning and improves the texture of baked products.
• Preserved Foods: Added to jams, jellies, and other preserved items to maintain acidity and prolong shelf life.
• Dairy Products: Used in yogurt and sour cream to adjust the acidity and improve taste.

Health Considerations

While malic acid is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by regulatory agencies such as the FDA when used in appropriate amounts, there are some considerations to keep in mind:

• Digestive Issues: In large quantities, it can cause digestive upset, including stomach cramps and diarrhea.
• Dental Health: Its acidic nature can erode tooth enamel if consumed in excessive amounts over a long period.
• Mouth Irritation: Excessive consumption of products with added malic acid may cause mouth irritation.
• Allergic Reactions: Rarely, some individuals may experience an allergic reaction to malic acid, manifesting as skin rashes or respiratory issues.
• Interaction with Medications: There may be interactions with certain medications, particularly those affecting acid‑base balance in the body.

References

1. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). (n.d.). Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS). Retrieved from FDA GRAS.
2. PubChem. (n.d.). Malic Acid. Retrieved fromPubChem Malic Acid.
3. Scientific Opinion on the re‑evaluation of malic acid (E 296) as a food additive. (2014). EFSA Journal, 12(10), 3864.EFSA.